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Category: Peripheral Arterial Vascular

Is My Leg Pain Caused By Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

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If you have unexplainable leg pain, especially after walking or exercising, it could be due to peripheral artery disease, or PAD. This condition is often under-diagnosed and untreated, which is a serious problem due to the danger that it can pose to your health and well-being.

What is PAD?

Peripheral artery disease is the narrowing of the peripheral arteries, which are responsible for bringing blood away from the heart and to other areas of the body. While it most commonly affectsperipheral artery disease. the legs and feet, it can also be found in other parts of the body, including upper extremities.

PAD occurs when arteries begin to narrow or become blocked when plaque, which consists of cholesterol, calcium, and fibrous tissue, builds on the walls of the artery. This can cause pain in legs while walking and exercising.

In severe cases, a blood clot can form and completely stop blood flow, which can result in a stroke or heart attack.

Risks & Symptoms of PAD

Many people who have PAD may not have symptoms, or they may mistake their symptoms for another condition. Most commonly observed symptoms of PAD include:

  • Leg pain during exercise, and also at rest
  • Leg numbness or weakness
  • Wounds of the legs, foot, or toes that do not heal easily
  • Decreased temperature of the leg or foot
  • Slow nail growth on toes or hair growth on the leg
  • Some men experience erectile dysfunction

Patients are more at risk for peripheral artery disease when they:

  • Smoke cigarettes
  • Have type 2 diabetes
  • Are obese
  • Have high blood pressure or high cholesterol
  • Are over 50 years of age
  • Have a family history of heart issues or strokes

PAD Treatment Options

There are lifestyle changes individuals with PAD can take to reduce the progression and relieve symptoms. These include: quitting smoking, regular physical activity, consuming a diet low in saturated and trans fat, and taking steps to manage your diabetes.

You may have a medication prescribed to you to help reduce your risk for PAD or worsening the condition.

When lifestyle changes or medications are not suitable, minimally invasive procedures are typically the next option. Western Vascular Institute provides revascularization procedures as an effective PAD treatment option. Balloon angioplasty and stent placement opens the narrowed/blocked artery and a stent is placed to keep the artery open.

Western Vascular Institute works with each patient to provide a thorough diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Contact Western Vascular Institute at (480) 668-5000 to schedule your peripheral artery disease consultation today.

The “Five P’s” of Peripheral Vascular Disease

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The “Five P’s” of Peripheral Vascular Disease

The “Five P’s” of Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) are a set of clinical signs and symptoms used to assess and diagnose vascular compromise in the extremities. These indicators help healthcare professionals evaluate the severity and progression of PVD. The Five P’s include:

Pain:

Patients with PVD may experience pain in the affected limb, typically described as cramping, aching, or sharp discomfort. The pain may occur during physical activity (intermittent claudication) and subside with rest. In advanced cases, pain may persist even at rest or during the night.

Pallor:

Pallor refers to the pale appearance of the skin in the affected limb. Reduced blood flow due to narrowed or blocked arteries can result in decreased oxygen supply to the tissues, leading to paleness.

Pulselessness:

Pulselessness indicates the absence or diminished quality of the peripheral pulses in the affected limb. A weak or absent pulse may suggest arterial insufficiency due to PVD.

Paralysis:

Paralysis refers to the loss of motor function in the affected limb. Severe PVD, often associated with advanced stages or acute arterial occlusion, can cause muscle weakness or even complete paralysis.

Paresthesia:

Paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations in the affected limb, such as tingling, numbness, or a “pins and needles” sensation. Reduced blood flow and nerve damage associated with PVD can lead to altered or diminished sensation.

Assessing and documenting the presence of the Five P’s can aid in diagnosing PVD and determining the appropriate treatment course. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with PVD will exhibit all five signs, and the severity of each symptom can vary depending on the extent of the vascular compromise.

Prompt medical evaluation is crucial for individuals experiencing the Five P’s, as it may indicate significant vascular compromise requiring immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent potential complications, such as tissue damage or limb loss. Healthcare professionals, particularly those specializing in vascular medicine, use the Five P’s as part of a comprehensive assessment to guide diagnosis, treatment planning, and ongoing management of patients with suspected or confirmed PVD.

Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)

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Intravascular Ultrasound

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a medical imaging technique that allows for the visualization of blood vessels from the inside. It involves the use of a tiny ultrasound probe that is threaded into the blood vessels through a catheter, providing detailed images of the vessel walls and structures.

Here’s how intravascular ultrasound works and why it is used in clinical practice:

Procedure:

Insertion of the Catheter:

A catheter, which has a small ultrasound probe at its tip, is inserted into a blood vessel, typically through the groin or the arm. The catheter is carefully guided through the blood vessels until it reaches the area of interest.

Ultrasound Imaging:

Once the catheter is in place, high-frequency sound waves are emitted from the ultrasound probe. These sound waves bounce off the vessel walls and other structures inside the blood vessel.

Image Capture:

The reflected sound waves are picked up by the probe and converted into real-time images. These images are then displayed on a monitor and can be recorded for further analysis.

Benefits and Applications of Intravascular Ultrasound:

 

Detailed Visualization:

IVUS provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of blood vessels, allowing vascular surgeons to assess the vessel size, structure, and any abnormalities present. IVUS provides more detailed information compared to other imaging techniques.

Assessment of Atherosclerosis:

IVUS is commonly used in the evaluation of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries. Intravascular ultrasound also helps determine the extent and composition of the plaque, identify areas of vessel narrowing or blockage, and guide treatment decisions.

Guidance for Interventions:

IVUS is often utilized during various vascular procedures, such as angioplasty or stent placement. IVUS provides real-time feedback to guide the placement of devices and assess their effectiveness in improving blood flow.

Assessment of Stent Deployment:

IVUS can evaluate the proper positioning and expansion of stents within the blood vessels. IVUS helps ensure that the stent is fully expanded and properly apposed to the vessel walls, reducing the risk of complications.

Research and Clinical Trials:

Intravascular ultrasound is also utilized in research studies and clinical trials to investigate new treatment approaches, assess the effectiveness of medications, and gather data on vascular conditions.

IVUS is a valuable tool in the field of vascular medicine. It helps vascular surgeons make accurate diagnoses, guide treatment decisions, and monitor the progress of interventions. The information obtained through IVUS enhances patient care by providing detailed insights into the condition of the blood vessels, allowing for personalized treatment plans and improved outcomes.

Transcatheter Deep Vein Arterialization

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Transcatheter Deep Vein Arterialization

Transcatheter arterialization of the deep vein system is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLI). CLI is a condition in which the blood supply to the limbs is severely reduced, leading to pain, ulcers, gangrene, and possibly amputation.

Procedure:

In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin and threaded up to the deep veins in the leg. A small balloon is inflated at the tip of the catheter to create a new pathway for blood flow. A stent, a mesh tube, is then placed in the new pathway to keep it open.

Deep vein arterialization (DVA) is not a novel procedure;  Creating arterial-venous bypass, reverses venous flow, and limb perfusion can restore after the arterialization. It is however a new use of deep vein materialization in its treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia and its use for patients who are not eligible for other treatments such as angioplasty or surgery.

Deep vein arterialization is performed under general anesthesia. The procedure typically takes about two hours. Patients typically stay in the hospital for one to two days after the procedure.

Side Effects:

The most common side effects of Deep vein arterialization are pain, bruising, and swelling at the injection site. Other potential side effects include bleeding, infection, and blood clots.

Deep vein arterialization is a promising new treatment for CLI. It is a less invasive alternative to surgery and angioplasty, and it has been shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials.

Endovascular surgery

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Endovascular surgery, also known as endovascular therapy or intervention, is a minimally invasive procedure performed to treat various conditions within blood vessels, typically in the arteries and veins. Unlike traditional open surgery, which requires large incisions, endovascular surgery involves accessing the affected blood vessels through small punctures or incisions.

What conditions do healthcare providers treat with endovascular surgery?

Atherosclerosis:

It is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque within the arteries, narrowing the vessel and obstructing blood flow. Endovascular procedures like angioplasty and stenting can be performed to open up the blocked or narrowed arteries and restore blood flow.

Aneurysms:

An aneurysm is a weakened area in the blood vessel wall that bulges or balloons out. Endovascular techniques, such as endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) or endovascular coiling, can be used to reinforce the weakened vessel wall or fill the aneurysm with coils to prevent rupture.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD):

PAD occurs when arteries supplying blood to the limbs (usually the legs) become narrowed or blocked. Endovascular procedures like angioplasty, atherectomy, or stenting can be performed to improve blood flow and relieve symptoms.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT):

DVT is the formation of blood clots in the deep veins, typically in the legs. Endovascular techniques, such as catheter-directed thrombolysis or thrombectomy, can be used to dissolve or remove the blood clot and restore normal blood flow.

Varicose veins:

Endovascular treatments like endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be used to close off and seal malfunctioning varicose veins, redirecting blood flow to healthier veins.

Endovascular surgery offers several advantages over traditional open surgery, including smaller incisions, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery times, and fewer complications. However, not all conditions can be treated using endovascular techniques, and the suitability of the procedure depends on the specific case and the patient’s overall health. It is essential to consult with a vascular surgeon to determine the most appropriate treatment approach.

How common is vascular disease?

According to recent data, there are approximately 200 million people affected by peripheral artery disease (PAD), one of the most common types of vascular disease. In the United States alone, PAD affects around 8 to 12 million people, with the incidence rising with age. Additionally, another prevalent vascular condition is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which affects an estimated 900,000 individuals in the United States annually. When it comes to aortic aneurysms, statistics indicate that around 1.5 million people worldwide are living with this condition, with men over the age of 65 being particularly susceptible. These numbers show how common vascular disease is and emphasize the importance of awareness, early detection, and timely treatment to improve patient outcomes.

What happens before endovascular surgery?

During an endovascular procedure, a vascular surgeon uses imaging guidance, such as fluoroscopy or ultrasound, to navigate thin, flexible catheters and medical instruments through the blood vessels to the targeted site. These instruments can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as for therapeutic interventions.

What happens after endovascular surgery?

After your endovascular surgery, it’s important to continue with follow-up care to ensure your blood vessels heal properly. Before you leave the hospital, your healthcare provider will discuss your post-surgical plan with you. This plan includes regular visits to see your healthcare provider and undergo imaging tests. These visits are designed to check how your blood vessels are healing. Your healthcare provider will review the results of the imaging tests to make sure everything is progressing well. By following through with these follow-up visits and tests, you and your healthcare team can keep a close eye on your recovery and address any issues that may arise, leading to a successful outcome after your endovascular surgery.

Why are vascular ultrasounds necessary?

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Why are vascular ultrasounds necessary?

 

Detailed Vascular Assessment:

A vascular ultrasound study is necessary because it provides a non-invasive and painless way to evaluate your blood vessels. It helps identify blockages, narrowing, or abnormalities in the arteries and veins throughout your body. This detailed assessment aids in diagnosing various vascular conditions.

Early Detection of Problems:

By undergoing a vascular ultrasound study, potential issues can be detected at an early stage. Early detection allows for prompt intervention and treatment, helping prevent further complications and ensuring better outcomes.

Monitoring Vascular Health:

For individuals with existing vascular conditions, regular ultrasound studies are essential for monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness. This consistent monitoring enables vascular surgeons to make informed decisions and adjust treatment plans as needed.

Avoiding Invasive Procedures:

In many cases, a vascular ultrasound study can provide valuable information without the need for invasive procedures. It reduces the need for exploratory surgeries, minimizing risks, discomfort, and recovery time.

Customized Treatment Plans:

The results of a vascular ultrasound study help vascular surgeons develop personalized treatment plans tailored to your specific needs. This individualized approach ensures that you receive the most appropriate interventions, medications, or lifestyle modifications for optimal vascular health.

Preventing Serious Complications:

Conditions like deep vein thrombosis, arterial stenosis, aneurysms, and peripheral artery disease can have severe consequences if left untreated. A vascular ultrasound study aids in early identification, allowing for timely interventions to prevent potentially life-threatening complications.

Empowering Patient Education:

Undergoing a vascular ultrasound study gives you a clearer understanding of your vascular health. By seeing the images and discussing the findings with your vascular surgeon, you can actively participate in your care, make informed decisions, and take proactive steps toward better vascular wellness.

Schedule Your Vascular Ultrasound Study:

If you have risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, or a family history of vascular disease, or if you’re experiencing symptoms like leg pain or swelling, it’s crucial to discuss the possibility of a vascular ultrasound study with your vascular surgeon. Don’t delay—early detection and prevention are key!

 

What is Claudication?

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Claudication is a medical condition that affects many individuals, causing discomfort and limitations in daily activities. If you experience pain or cramping in your legs during physical exertion, you might be dealing with claudication. In this blog post, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition to help you better understand and manage it.

Causes of Claudication:

The primary cause of claudication is atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Plaque is composed of cholesterol, fat, and other substances that adhere to the arterial walls, causing them to narrow. This narrowing restricts blood flow and triggers symptoms of claudication.

Claudication is a symptom commonly associated with peripheral artery disease (PAD), which occurs when there is a narrowing or blockage in the arteries that supply blood to the legs. The reduced blood flow deprives the muscles of oxygen and nutrients, leading to pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected leg muscles during activities such as walking or exercising.

Other Potential Causes of Claudication

Blood clots:

Blood clots can obstruct blood flow in the arteries, leading to claudication symptoms.

Inflammation:

Inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis can cause damage to the blood vessels and contribute to claudication.

Structural abnormalities:

Rarely, structural abnormalities in the blood vessels or muscles can lead to claudication.

Symptoms of Claudication:

The hallmark symptom of claudication is leg pain or cramping that typically occurs during physical activity and subsides with rest.

Common characteristics of claudication include:

  • Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the calf muscles, thighs, or buttocks.
  • Discomfort that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
  • Numbness or weakness in the affected leg(s).
  • Coldness or paleness in the leg(s).

How Is Claudication Diagnosed and Treated:

If you suspect claudication, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. They will review your medical history, conduct a physical examination, and may recommend additional tests, such as:

Ankle-brachial index (ABI):

Measures the blood pressure in the ankle and arm to assess blood flow in the legs.
Doppler ultrasound: Uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow in the arteries.
Angiography: Involves injecting a contrast dye into the blood vessels to visualize any blockages or narrowing.
Treatment for claudication aims to manage symptoms, improve circulation, and prevent further complications. Common approaches include:

Lifestyle modifications:

Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a balanced diet can improve symptoms and overall vascular health.

Medications:

Your doctor may prescribe medications to manage risk factors like high blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood clot prevention.

Exercise therapy:

Supervised exercise programs that gradually increase physical activity can improve walking distance and decrease symptoms.

Endovascular procedures:

In some cases, minimally invasive procedures like angioplasty or stenting may be performed to restore blood flow in the affected arteries.

Surgery:

Severe cases of claudication that do not respond to other treatments may require surgical interventions, such as bypass grafting, to reroute blood flow around the blocked arteries.

Claudication can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals affected by peripheral artery disease. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking timely medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. With lifestyle modifications, medication, exercise therapy, and, in some cases, medical procedures, claudication symptoms can be effectively managed, allowing individuals to lead a more

Why should patients focus on Peripheral Vascular Disease?

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Why should patients focus on Peripheral Vascular Disease?

 

Beyond the Heart:

Why Patients Should Focus on Peripheral Vascular Disease. When it comes to cardiovascular health, heart disease often takes the spotlight. However, there is another crucial condition that deserves our attention: Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD). While heart disease affects the arteries supplying blood to the heart, PVD affects the arteries outside the heart, particularly those that supply blood to the limbs. It’s important for patients to understand the significance of PVD and why it should be on their radar alongside heart disease. In this blog post, we will explore the reasons why patients should focus on PVD in addition to heart disease.

Prevalence and Risk Factors:

PVD is more common than many people realize. It affects millions of individuals worldwide, particularly those over the age of 50. The risk factors for PVD overlap with those of heart disease, including smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. By focusing on PVD, patients can address these risk factors and make positive changes to improve their overall vascular health.

Impact on Quality of Life:

Peripheral Vascular Disease can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life. The reduced blood flow to the limbs can cause symptoms such as leg pain, cramping, numbness, and weakness. These symptoms can make it difficult to walk, engage in physical activities, and carry out daily tasks. By addressing PVD, patients can seek appropriate treatment to alleviate these symptoms and regain their mobility and independence.

Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events:

PVD is not an isolated condition. It is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes. The same underlying process of atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, occurs in both PVD and heart disease. By managing PVD and its risk factors, patients can potentially reduce their overall cardiovascular risk and improve their long-term health outcomes.

Early Detection and Prevention:

Detecting PVD at an early stage is crucial for effective management. Unfortunately, PVD often goes undiagnosed or overlooked due to its subtle symptoms. However, routine screenings and awareness can lead to early detection and intervention. By focusing on PVD, patients can work closely with their healthcare providers to identify the condition early, initiate appropriate treatments, and prevent its progression.

Holistic Approach to Vascular Health:

Taking a comprehensive approach to vascular health means addressing both heart disease and PVD. By understanding the connections between the two and recognizing the importance of overall vascular wellness, patients can adopt a proactive mindset. This includes making lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking, adopting a heart-healthy diet, managing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and engaging in regular physical activity. It’s about viewing the body’s entire vascular system as interconnected and deserves equal attention.

Peripheral Vascular Disease should not be overlooked or overshadowed by heart disease. By focusing on PVD alongside heart health, patients can proactively manage their vascular well-being, improve their quality of life, and reduce their risk of cardiovascular events. Awareness, early detection, and a comprehensive approach to vascular health are essential for optimal long-term outcomes. Remember, your limbs deserve the same level of care as your heart. Take action today for a healthier vascular future.

 

PAD Checklist

References:

Society for Vascular Surgery: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Western Vascular Institute: What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?
Mayo Clinic: Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Why do I need a vascular surgeon?

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Why do I need a vascular surgeon?

 

Vascular Disease:

If you have been diagnosed with vascular diseases such as peripheral artery disease (PAD), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), varicose veins, aneurysms, or carotid artery disease, a vascular surgeon specializes in the treatment of these conditions.

Circulation Problems:

If you experience symptoms related to poor blood circulation, such as leg pain or cramping during walking or at rest, non-healing wounds or ulcers, or coldness in your extremities, a vascular surgeon can evaluate and provide appropriate treatment options.

Vascular Trauma:

In cases of traumatic injuries that involve blood vessels, such as a severe laceration or damage to arteries or veins, a vascular surgeon can perform surgical procedures to repair and restore blood flow.

Aortic Aneurysm:

If you have an abdominal or thoracic aortic aneurysm, which is a weakened and bulging area in the aorta, the main blood vessel in your body, a vascular surgeon may perform surgery to repair or replace the affected segment to prevent the risk of rupture.

Endovascular Procedures:

Vascular surgeons are trained in minimally invasive endovascular techniques, such as angioplasty, stenting, and embolization, to treat various vascular conditions. These procedures involve using catheters and imaging guidance to access and treat the affected blood vessels from within.

Vascular Access:

If you require long-term dialysis, a vascular surgeon can create and manage vascular access points, such as arteriovenous fistulas or grafts, to allow repeated access to your blood vessels.

With many years of extensive vascular experience, Western Vascular Institute’s providers are able to provide unparalleled diagnosis & management for all venous & vascular diseases as well as exceptional patient care.

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What is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

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What is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

 

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is a condition that affects the blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, primarily in the legs and feet. PVD is caused by narrowed or blocked blood vessels, which can lead to reduced blood flow to the limbs. This can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, cramping, and numbness in the legs, especially during physical activity.

Causes:

The most common cause of PVD is atherosclerosis, a condition where fatty deposits (plaques) build up in the arteries, narrowing the blood vessels and restricting blood flow. Other factors that can contribute to PVD include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity. In rare cases, PVD can also be caused by a blood clot or inflammation of the blood vessels.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of PVD can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Some people may experience no symptoms at all, while others may experience pain or discomfort in the legs, especially during physical activity. Other symptoms may include numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs; coldness in the feet or legs; and slow healing of wounds or sores on the feet or legs.

Diagnosis:

To diagnose PVD, your healthcare provider will perform a physical exam and may order diagnostic tests such as an ankle-brachial index (ABI) test, which compares blood pressure readings in the arms and legs, or an ultrasound or angiogram to visualize the blood vessels in the affected area.

Treatment:

The goal of treatment for PVD is to improve blood flow and manage symptoms. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight can help manage PVD and reduce the risk of complications. Medications such as blood thinners or cholesterol-lowering drugs may also be prescribed to manage PVD. In some cases, minimally invasive procedures such as angioplasty or stenting may be recommended to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels.

Prevention:

Preventing PVD involves making lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors, such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and managing conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Regular checkups with a vascular surgeon can also help detect and manage risk factors before they lead to PVD.

Conclusion:

Peripheral Vascular Disease is a common condition that can cause pain and discomfort in the legs and feet. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options available for PVD, you can take steps to manage this condition and improve your overall health. Don’t suffer in silence – talk to your vascular surgeon today to learn more about your options for managing PVD.